Perfekti muodostetaan käyttämällä have tai has + verbin 3. muoto.

She studies English at school.

She started when she was 11.

She has studied English for 4 years.

(Perfektiä käytetään, koska toiminta jatkuu edelleen.)

She studied English at school.

She started in 1971 and finished in 1974.

She studied English for 4 years.

(Imperfektiä käytetään, koska toiminta on jo loppunut.)

Vertaa: Mike lived in Finland for 20 years. Hän asui suomessa 20 vuotta. (Ei asu enää.)

a) today, tonight

b) this morning, this afternoon, this evening, this week, this month, this year, this summer

c) since four o’clock, since Tuesday, since June 12th, since yesterday

d) so far, ever (kysymyksessä), just, yet, already, still

Katso tätä kysymystä ja vastausta.

1. Have you ever seen the Queen of England? Yes, I’ve seen her once.

2. When did you see her? I saw her in 1989.

Ensimmäisessä kysymyksessä halutaan tietää, oletko koskaan nähnyt kuningatarta. Toisessa kysymyksessä tiedetään jo, että olet nähnyt kuningattaren, mutta haluamme tietää milloin menneisyydessä olet nähnyt kuningattaren, siksi käytetään imperfektiä.

Have you ever eaten snake meat? No, I’ve never eaten snake meat.

He’s just arrived.

We’ve just finished.

Have you started yet? No, I’m afraid I haven’t started yet.

Have they finished the new road yet? No, not yet.

Yes, we’ve already started.

Yes, they’ve already finished it.

Do you want to come to the musical? - No, thanks. I’ve already seen it.

They still haven’t answered our letter.

She still hasn’t returned.

Mary:

John:

Oh hello John. how are you, and where are you?

I’m fine thanks Mary - at the moment I’m in Paris, I’m phoning from a phone-box outside the hotel. We’re waiting for the coach to take us on a sightseeing tour.

John:

Mary:

I’ve been here for a day and a half but I haven’t been up the Eiffel tower yet. We’re going there tomorrow with the group. I’ve been to the Louvre museum.

Have you? How marvellous. When did you go there?

Mary:

John:

I’m sure there are. You haven’t sent me a postcard yet.

I have. I sent you a postcard from Rome three days ago. Haven’t you got it yet?

John:

Mary:

John:

Yes, we went there before we went to Rome. It was very expensive in Athens.

Have you spent all your money yet?

No, not yet. I’ve still got some left. But if I run out, I’ll use my credit card.

John:

Mary:

John:

I’ve used about three rolls of film, and I’ve taken about two hours of video.

I look forward to seeing those. Have you bought many souvenirs yet?

I bought some perfume for you yesterday. Look, I’ve got to go, Mary, the bus has just arrived, I’ll phone you again in three days time.

John:

Bye Mary.

Dear Friends,

On behalf of the people of New York City, I would like to welcome you to our City so full of excitement and diversity.

The people of New York City live within the five boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx and Staten Island. Each of these boroughs offers a unique collection of experiences and attractions that promise a memorable visit.

I invite you to visit our internationally famous theaters restaurants and museums, or tour our historic parks, churches and ·- landmarks, including the Empire State Building, World Trade Center, Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island. Also this year, The American Museum of Natural History is proudly celebrating its 125th anniversary with the reopening of two dinosaur halls

You may want to spend your day shopping in our fine department stores and boutiques. In the evening you can enjoy one of our many night-clubs, the ballet, opera, a Broadway show or concert. Sports fans also can watch the best in basebaII, football, basketball, hockey or soccer - New York City has them all.

Whatever your interests. I wish you an enjoyabIe visit!

Sincerely

Rudolph W. Giuliani, Mayor

Fifth Avenue is ranked among the world's most impressive boulevards, alongside the Champs Elysees and the Ginza. Here you will discover everything from jewellery to home furnishings, fashions, sporting goods and objets d'art. A stroll up the avenue will take you past some of the most prestigious names in the fashion world, including Tiffany's, Hermes, Bally and St. John. You'll also find famous department stores such as Saks Fifth Avenue and Bergdorf Goodman. Not to be missed is Trump Tower, with its marbled atrium, waterfalls and trendy shops.

When it was built in 1931 it was the highest building in the world, and it stayed the highest building for 41 years. This beautiful and graceful building is 1,454 feet high. You take 3 lifts to get to the observation platform at the top, from where you get a superb view of New York and its surrounding area.

In 1885 the French government gave this impressive statue to the American people in honour of their alliance in the War of Independence. This amazing work of art is 46 metres tall and weighs over 200 tons. It’s the world’s most famous symbol of liberty. Thousands of tourists visit it every day and there is an observation deck in the crown.

Greenwich Village

This is the bohemian centre of New York. The buildings are low and 300 years ago this really was a village. Today it’s a very fashionable area with tree-lined streets full of restaurants and pubs, night-clubs and cafes. The home of thousands of actors, musicians and students who enjoy its carefree, cosmopolitan atmosphere.

Central Park

New Yorkers like to tell you that this is the largest park in the world. In fact it’s two and a half miles long and half a mile wide and it’s the place where New Yorkers go to relax. In Central Park you can jog, go horse-riding, go boating or simply sit on the grass and look at the wildlife. In summer you can also watch dance, music and theatre performances.

A: It’s a beautiful day, isn’t it?

B: Yes, it is. It isn’t usually so warm in spring, is it?

A. No it isn’t. The tulips look lovely, don’t they?

B: Yes, they do.

..... isn’t it? ja .... is it? mielipiteen perässä ovat liitekysy- myksiä.

Liitekysymykset ovat eräänläinen keskustelutekniikka.

You do love me, don’t you?

1) Haluamme aloittaa keskustelun jonkun kanssa. It’s a lovely day, isn’t it?

2) Kun haluamme varmistaa asian. The train leaves at 10.00, doesn’t it?

3) Kun haluamme pakottaa toisen ihminen vastaamaan. You can hear me, can’t you?

Kaikki liitekysymykset tarkoittavat "eikö totta?" ja kaikissa käytetään apuverbiä.

Jos päälause on myönteinen ---------- liitekysymys on kielteinen

Jos päälause on kielteinen ------------ liitekysymys on myönteinen

Liitekysymys toistaa samassa aikamuodossa päälauseen.

You are English, aren’t you?

You aren’t French, are you?

They’re going to travel, aren’t they?

He isn’t very old, is he?

She isn’t working today, is she?

We weren’t welcome, were we?

I wasn’t sleeping, was I?

You take milk in your coffee, don’t you?

You don’t take sugar in your tea, do you?

She doesn’t speak Spanish, does she?

He likes New York, doesn’t he?

Mary works in London, doesn’t she?

They came by taxi, didn’t they?

They didn’t stay long, did they?

You’ve got a ticket, haven’t you?

They haven’t arrived yet, have they?

He’s got a lot of friends, hasn’t he?

You’ll help me, won’t you?

They won’t go too fast, will they?

They can swim, can’t they?

He can’t ski, can he?

We must try, mustn’t we?

They needn’t come, need they?

a) SOME käytetään yleensä myönteisissä lauseissa ja ANY kielteisissä lauseissa.

Mutta, käytämme usein SOME kun odotamme "yes" vastaus:

Have you got somewhere nice to live now? (Olen varma että sinullä ON.)

Käytämme SOME kun tarjoamme, tai pyydämme tarjoilua: