9.1 KEY GRAMMAR REVISION - THE CONDITIONAL TENSES
KONDITIONAALI 1: Käytetään silloin kun halutaan kertoa, mitä tehdään siinä tapauksessa, että jokin tulee MAHDOLLISESTI tapahtumaan. | ||
Päälause: WILL + PERUSVERBI Ill stay home this afternoon I wont go to the cinema Well come by train What will you do What will you say |
IF if if if if if if |
Sivulause: PREESENS it rains. theres a western. the car isnt ready. it snows? he asks you to marry him? |
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9.2 Quick exercise - Please translate these sentences
9.3 KEY GRAMMAR - 2 ND CONDITIONAL
KONDITIONAALI 2 -
WOULD: Verbimuoto, joka koostuu would-apuverbistä
ja pääverbin perusmuodosta, vastaa Suomen kielen
isi-päätettä.
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Konditionaalia
käytetään kun halutaan kertoa mitä tapahtuisi, tai
mitä joku tekisi mikäli jokin tietty ehto
täytettäisiin.
HUOM! IF-sanan jälkeinen verbi on englanniksi imperfektissä, eikä konditionaalissa, kuten Suomen kielessä!!!
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THE 2nd
CONDITIONAL - POSITIVE
* If-lauseissa voi käyttää were-muotoa was:n sijasta. Esim: He would retire if he were 65 years old, mutta modernissa englanninkielessä were-muotoa käytetään vain yksikön 1. persoonan jälkeen (I were). ** Huomaa että sivulause voi sijaita myös päälausen edessä. |
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THE 2nd
CONDITIONAL - NEGATIVE
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THE 2nd
CONDITIONAL - QUESTIONS
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KOHTELIAS
KÄYTÖS Kohteliaassa puheessa käytetään aina would-sanaa
* Huomaa että like-verbi merkitsee haluta ainoastaan would-apuverbin kanssa. Muulloin se merkitsee jostakin pitämistä.
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NEUVOMINEN Konditionaalia käytetään myös kun halutaan antaa neuvoja.
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9.6 Exercise - Give good advice to these people
9.8 KEY FUNCTION - INVITING A PERSON TO LUNCH
Matti works for a Finnish company Finnstar. He invites his English visitor to lunch in the canteen.
Dialogue 1 Matti invites Peter to lunch in the canteen.
Matti: Look, it's 12.00. Would you like to stop for lunch now?
Peter: Yes, that's a good idea. I'm beginning to feel a little peckish.
Matti: Right. We usually eat in the canteen. I hope that's OK with you.
Peter: Yes, that would be fine. Is your canteen far from here?
Matti: No, not far at all. The canteen's opposite the office building as you come into the plant. It's just a short walk from here.
Peter: I see. Is it all right to leave my stuff here?
Matti: Yes, of course. But you might need your coat. It's rather cold.
KEY PHRASES: Would you like to stop for lunch now?
I'm beginning to feel a little peckish.
We usually eat in the canteen.
I hope that's OK with you.
Yes, that sounds fine.
You might need your coat - it's rather cold.
Dialogue 2 Matti and Peter arrive at the canteen.
Matti: (opens door for Peter) After you.
Peter: Right, thank you.
Matti: Come this way. I hope the queue's not too long.
Peter: Do many people eat here?
Matti: Yes, it's very popular. Now, help yourself to a tray. Knives, forks and spoons are here. The serviettes are in this box.
Peter: Right you are.
KEY PHRASES: After you.
Come this way.
I hope the queue's not too long.
Help yourself to a tray.
Knives, forks and spoons are here.
The serviettes are in this box.
Right you are.
Dialogue 3 Matti explains the menu to Peter.
Peter: The food certainly smells good, what is it?
Matti: Let's look at the menu. There's a choice. Finnish pea soup with pancakes and jam, or Karjalan paisti, that's Carelian meat stew, with potatoes and salad.
Peter: Pea soup for me, please.
Matti: I'll have the same (orders food). Help yourself to bread and butter.
Peter: Thank you.
Matti: Take a glass and help yourself to a drink. There's water, orange juice, milk, buttermilk, or what we call "home beer."
Peter: What on earth's that?
Matti: It's a drink made from malted barley and sugar, and slightly fermented. It's really rather good. I usually drink it. I would recommend it.
Peter: Yes, Id like some.
KEY PHRASES: Let's look at the menu.
There's a choice.
Finnish pea soup with pancakes and jam.
Carelian meat stew.
I'll have the same.
Help yourself to ................
It's what we call "home beer".
It's really rather good.
Id like some.
Dialogue 4 They go to their table.
Matti: Would you like to sit here, or would you prefer to sit by the window?
Peter: This is fine.
Matti: Could you pass the salt, please?
Peter: Certainly. Here you are.
Matti: Thank you. How's the pea soup?
Peter: It really is excellent. Do you always eat this well?
Matti: Yes we do. The canteen has a good reputation.
KEY PHRASES: Would you like to sit here?
Could you pass the salt, please?
How's the pea soup?
It really is excellent.
Do you always eat this well?
Dialogue 5 Canteen small talk.
Matti: Do you have a canteen at your place of work, Peter?
Peter: Yes, we do. But not everybody uses it.
Matti: Oh.
Peter: Well, the foods not very good. People would use the canteen if the food was better. Also, our workplace is near the centre of town, and many people use the lunch hour to go to the shops.
Matti: You have a whole hour for lunch?
Peter: Well, we call it a lunch hour, but it's only 45 minutes, in fact.
Your canteen is very clean and modern.
Matti: Oh yes. Nobody would eat here if it was dirty. We're quite proud of our canteen.
Peter: Are the meals expensive here?
Matti: They're subsidised actually, we pay about £2 for a meal. If the food wasnt subsidised lunch would cost about £4.
Peter: £2 is very reasonable for such good quality. If our meals were as cheap as that the canteen would be more popular.
KEY WORDS: Do you have a canteen at your place of work?
You have a whole hour for lunch?
It's only 45 minutes, in fact.
We're quite proud of our canteen.
They're subsidised actually.
Dialogue 6 Coffee to finish.
Matti: I hope you enjoyed your meal, Peter.
Peter: Yes, I did, very much. Thank you. It was a big meal. Id put on weight very quickly if I ate here every day.
Matti: Yes, its easy to eat too much. We usually have a cup of coffee or tea after the meal. Would you like one?
Peter: Id like a cup of coffee please. Do we help ourselves?
Matti: I'll bring you one, you like your coffee white, don't you?
Peter: That's right.
Matti: Would you like a pastry with your coffee?
Peter: Not at the moment, thank you. I'm quite full.
KEY PHRASES: I hope you enjoyed your meal.
Yes, I did, very much. Thank you.
We usually have a cup of coffee after the meal.
Do we help ourselves?
I'll bring you one, you like your coffee white, don't you?
Would you like a pastry with your coffee?
9.9 Pronunciation practice - Listen and repeat these phrases.
9.15 KEY GRAMMAR - USED TO BE / BECOME / GET USED TO / USED TO
This is Mike, he gave up smoking two years ago. He no longer smokes. He used to smoke. He used to smoke 40 cigarettes a day. |
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1. USED TO käytetään verbin
perusmuodon kanssa. Sitä käytetään kun kerrotaan
jostakin, joka tapahtui säännöllisesti menneisyydessa,
mutta ei tapahdu enää.
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2. DIDNT USE TO (tai NEVER
USED TO) kielteisessä muodossa tarkoittaa, että
jokin ei tapahtunut säännöllisesti menneisyydessä,
MUTTA NYT SE TAPAHTUU.
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3. USED TO - käytetään
myöskin kuvailemaan tilanteita, jotka joskus olivat,
mutta joita ei enää ole.
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4. Kysymyksessä käytetään DID ...
USE TO?
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BE / BECOME / GET USED TO olla
tottunut/tottua
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1. Rakennetta be + USED TO +
verbin...ING-muoto käytetään, kun halutaan
kertoa että olemme / olimme tottuneet johonkin.
2. USED TO käytetään become ja get verbien kanssa kun kerromme, että totuimme / olemme tottuneet johonkin.
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9.17 Exercise - Read these situations and then write sentences using be / get used to
9.20 READING FOR PLEASURE - SINGAPORE.
The Republic of Singapore, in south east Asia is known as a city-state. The city of Singapore has many sights and attractions and it attracts tourists from all over the world.
It is connected to the Malaysian mainland by a 1.1 kilometers long causeway that carries a road and railway, Indonesia lies to the west and south. The total land area is about 620 square kilometers which includes 57 nearby islets. The main island is 42 kilometers wide from east to west, and 23 kilometres from north to south. Singapore is largely flat and low-lying with many low hills. Bukit Timah, the highest point, is only 162 meters above sea level.
Singapore means Lion City and it is a modern metropolis with one of the world's busiest ports. At the same time, the small tropical island has kept many elements of its colonial past. Singapore is home to just under 3 million people, the population density is 4400 per square kilometre, which makes it one of the most crowded countries of the world. 77% of the people are Chinese, 15% are Malay, 6% are Indian and 2% are Eurasian or European - relations between all these different ethnic groups are very good. Because there are so many ethnic groups, there are four official languages - Malay, Chinese (Mandarin), Tamil and English. The government stresses the need for bilingualism, and encourages people to use Mandarin. English is used as the language of administration.
Exploring Singapores world of many cultures is a fascinating experience. Places like Chinatown, Little India and Arab Street are the result of Singapores multi-cultural heritage. The best way for tourists to see these places is on foot. Arab Street is in the southeastern part of Singapore. Here you find shops selling specialities such as beautiful batik, silks, lace, perfumes and basketware. This area is also the Muslim centre of Singapore - the Sultan Mosque is here and also many shops selling religious items for Moslems - headscarves, prayer beads, mats and literature. There are many Moslem restaurants too with superb food (but no alcohol).
In Chinatown you find shops selling traditional Chinese handicraft, silks and Chinese medicines. There are also many food-stores with Chinese delicacies such as snakes, birds nests and hundred-year-old eggs. Here you find Chinese temples and restaurants.
A walk down Singapores Serangoon Road is like taking a trip to India. The architecture is typically Indian and if you look above the doorways youll see strings of dried mango leaves, and Indian sign of blessing and good fortune. Here are some of Singapores finest Indian restaurants.
Food is extremely important to the Singaporeans. There is a wide range of local and international cuisine.
The Chinese have produced one of the world's greatest and most varied cuisines, and it can be sampled in Singapore. The Indian community has also got a rich cuisine with the emphasis on highly spiced food. The Malay and Indonesian style of cooking is also delicious - they use a lot of coconut in their food. Whatever kind of food you like, Chinese, Indian, Malay, Indonesian, Western - its all here in Singapore.
Last but not least, Singapore is a shoppers paradise. People come from all over the world to shop in Singapore because nearly everything is tax-free. Many goods are cheaper here than in the country where they were made. There are huge shopping centres filled with shops selling cameras, electrical goods, clothing, furniture, watches, perfumes and silks. Open 7 days a week from 10 a.m . until late evening. Are there enough customers? Yes, last year over 5 million tourists visited Singapore!