12.1 KEY GRAMMAR - REPORTED SPEECH
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Kun haluat
kertoa jollekulle mitä Fred sanoi, voit: Toistaa Fredin sanoja (suora): Fred said "Im very busy" tai käyttää "reported speech" (epäsuora): Fred said (that) he was very busy vertaa: Fred said " 1 am very busy ".
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1. Kun
käyttämme "epäsuora esitys" me yleensä
puhumme menneisyydestä, ja verbit yleensä muuttuvat
imperfekti muotoon. esim:
Here are more things that Fred said:
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2. Jos suoran
esityksen verbi muoto on imperfektissä, se ei muutu (tai
voimme käyttää pluskvamperfektiä)
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3. Jos kerrot
jostain tilanteesta joka yhä jatkuu verbimuotoa ei
tarvitse muuttaa. Must, might, should, could would ja
verbit pluskvamperfektin muodossa eivät muuttaa
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4. SAY ja
TELL Jos kerrot kenelle puhutaan, käytä TELL.
Muuten käytä SAY.
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5. Kun
suorassa esityksessä on käskyjä tai tarjouksia,
epäsuorassa esityksessä ne ilmenevät
infinitiivimuodossa (TO + perusverbi)
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12.3 Said or told - täydentäkää
12.4 MESSAGES -Peter Hill is a personal assistant at United Talent Studios. His boss, Marcia Randall, was away on business last week in Los Angeles. While she was away Peter took many messages for her. Listen to their conversation and look at the notes.
MESSAGES FOR MARCIA
RANDALL Monday 9.00 Gary Macfarlane phoned - he cantcome to the meeting next week, hell phone you next week 12.00 Ticket Agency rang -- they have got your tickets for the new musical,they will send them by post ------------------------------------------ Tuesday 11.00 Autospeedy rang - they havent repaired your car yet, they are still waiting for a part. ------------------------------------------ Thursday 12.00 Autospeedy rang - theyve got the part now and the car will be ready on Friday afternoon. ------------------------------------------ Friday 15.00 Autospeedy rang. They finished repairing your car, the mechanic took it for a test drive and the engine caught fire. Itll need a new engine so the car wont be ready for another 2 weeks. Because its their fault theyll lend a car until yours is ready. ------------------------------------------ Wednessday 9.00 Mike telephoned - he wont be in the office next week (his grandfather in Australia has died - Mike will have to fly to Australia and make the arrangements. Hell be back on the 24th. ------------------------------------------ Thursday 11.30 Mike Murray phone - please can Marcia ring him as soon as she gets back. Its very urgent 13.00 Carsons rang - please cancel their order for 100 tickets- for the Rolling Stones concert. They want to go to the Tom Jones concert instead ------------------------------------------ Friday 9.00 Molly Malone called. She wants to change her appointment from Thursday to Wednesday. Shes going to the dentist on Thursday. |
Marcia Good
morning, Peter. Could you come into my office, please. Peter Good morning Marcia, how was the trip? Marcia Hectic, but fun. Were there many messages for me last week? Peter Quite a few, would you like to go through them now? Marcia Yes please Peter Gary Macfarlane phoned on Monday. He said he couldnt come to the meeting next week. Marcia Oh dear. Did he say when he could come? Peter No, but he said hed call you this week. Marcia Oh OK. Go on Peter The ticket agency phoned. They said that they had got your tickets for the new musical and that they would send them by post. Marcia Splendid. Have they come yet? Peter Yes, theyre in your in-tray. Marcia Good Peter Autospeedy rang on Tuesday morning to say that they hadnt repaired your car yet. They were waiting for a spare part. Marcia Oh dear, what a nuisance. When did they think the part would come? Peter Well, Marcia, er.. they rang again on Thursday and said that they had got the part and the car would be ready by last Friday afternoon. Marcia Oh, thats good. So its ready now. Could you pick it up this morning please, Peter. Peter Im sorry Marcia, but Autospeedy rang again on Friday afternoon. The mechanic had taken it for a test drive and the engine had caught fire. They said you would need a new engine and that the car wouldnt be ready for two weeks. Marcia Two weeks! I cant wait two weeks. Peter Its all right Marcia, keep calm. They said that because it was their fault they would lend you a car until yours was ready. Marcia Oh, well, thats all right then. Peter Mike telephoned on Wednesday. He said he wouldnt be in the office next week. He told me his grandfather had died and that he would have to go to Australia and make the arrangements. Marcia When will he be back? Peter He said hed be back on the 24th. Marcia I see - Anything else? Peter Yes, Mike Murray phoned on Thursday and asked if you could ring him as soon as you got back. He said it was very urgent. Marcia Ill do that this morning. Anything else? Peter Carsons asked you to cancel their order for 100 tickets to the Rolling Stones Concert. Marcia Did they say why? Peter Yes, they said they wanted to go to the Tom Jones concert instead. Marcia OK, anything else? Peter Yes, just one more. Molly Malone rang and said she wanted to change her appointment from Wednesday to Thursday, because she was going to the dentist on Wednesday. Marcia Thank you Peter |
12.6 KEY FUNCTION - DESCRIBING THINGS
12.9 KEY FUNCTION - HEIGHT LENGTH WIDTH AREA WEIGHT CAPACITY
a) HEIGHT, LENGTH, WIDTH Britain has two systems for measuring - the imperial system ( feet, inches, yards, miles etc.), and the metric system (centimetres, metres etc.) The Imperial system:
How long is a football pitch? Its 110 yards long
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b) AREA A football field is 100 metres long and 40 metres wide. It has an area of 4000 square metres.
The apartment has an area of 75 m2 ( seventy-five square metres) |
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c ) WEIGHT
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d) TEMPERATURE Britain uses both Centigrade (sometimes called Celsius) and Fahrenheit systems. 22° C is twenty-two degrees Centigrade, twenty-two degrees Celsius or twenty-two degrees C 15° F is fifteen degrees Fahrenheit |
12.10 Listening Comprehension - Listen to the tape and write the figures in the spaces
12.11 KEY GRAMMAR - THE CAUSATIVE
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There was something wrong
with Marys car, so she telephoned her local garage
and asked them to send a mechanic to repair her car.
Yesterday the mechanic came and did the job. Mary had her car repaired yesterday. This means: Mary didnt repair the car herself. Someone else did the work for her. |
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Vertaa nämä lauseet:
Katsoo: Did you make that dress? No, I had it made. (Teitkö mekon itse? En, teetin sen ) Kun haluamme kertoa että joku muu tekee jotain meidän puolestamme, käyttämme rakennetta: have something done |
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1) Sanajärjestys on
hyvin tärkeä:
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2) Joskus, puhekielessä
käyttämme get have:n sijasta I got my hair cut yesterday. Hell get his car repaired tomorrow. |
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3) Tämä rakenne ei aina
tarkoita että toiminta on järjestetty tahallaan I had my car stolen yesterday. - ei tarkoita että olen järjestänyt asian! He had a front tooth knocked out in a fight . Hän sai etuhampaan lyödyksi pois tappelussa. |
12.14 Text for reading and listening
The visit.
John Smith was very happy. He enjoyed a quiet life in his little, old wooden house with his beautiful wife and their three playful dogs. But two days ago his happiness came to an end. His wifes mother, who lived in America , had telephoned to say that she was coming to stay with them for four weeks, and that she would arrive next week. John hated his mother-in-law, and she disliked John. She thought that John wasnt good enough for her daughter. John said that the best thing his mother-in-law had ever done was to go and live far away in America.
Mary was very happy that her mother was coming to visit them. "John" she said " you must have your shoes repaired and your suits cleaned, and you must have your hair cut."
"I dont need to have my hair cut - I had it cut 3 weeks ago" he replied.
"We must also have the car repaired," she said " and we must have it cleaned inside and out, we want it to look nice for her"
"We dont have time to do that", he said, "weve only got one week before she comes. Anyway, she can take a bus from the airport.
His wife wasnt listening, her face was shining with excitement as she continued to make her plans. "I must have some new dresses made," she thought, "and Ill have to get the gold watch she gave me for my birthday repaired, and I must have new curtains made for the kitchen, and we need to have the guest room cleaned."
"John," she shouted, " I think its a good time to have the house painted and we should have the fence repaired. We also need to have the kitchen decorated, and the living room repainted, and we have to have the windows cleaned."
"This should certainly solve the unemployment problem," he said.
"You dont need to be nasty," Jill said, "after all, we havent seen her for 10 years".
So, John had his hair cut, he had all his suits cleaned. They had the car repaired. Jill had new curtains made for the kitchen and she had her watch repaired. It was very difficult to find workmen at such short notice, but in the end they got the house painted and the fence repaired. But at the last minute Johns mother-in-law telephoned to say she was ill and couldnt come this year.
"How terribly sad," said Jill. "Yes, dear," said John , trying not to smile.
12.16 KEY FUNCTION - PLEASE AND THANK YOU
SAYING THANK YOU
Thank you very much, its very kind of you! Dont mention it!
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SAYING PLEASE
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12. 17 KEY FUNCTION - SAYING YES and NO
SAYING NO
No, Im sorry. You cant smoke here
If someone asks us
"Can I smoke here?" or "Has the fax come
yet?", and the answer is negative, we must
remember not to say simply "NO". This can sound
rather aggressive and unhelpful. We usually soften such
an answer with a longer expression.
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SAYING YES
In many cases, answering
a person with the single word "YES", is
extremely impolite. It can sound very aggressive. In
fact, it is used as a signal that you are not interested
in the speaker, or wish to stop the conversation. There are many more expressions which are more polite, natural and pleasant than using the single word "Yes". Study these examples:
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12.18 SMALL TALK Finland's history and international relations
Matti and Peter talk about Finland's history
Peter: I see from your calendar that December 6th is a national holiday.
Matti: Yes it is, it's our Independence Day.
Peter: How long has Finland been Independent?
Matti: Since 1917, and before that we were part of Russia.
Peter: Wasn't Finland under the Swedes at one time too?
Matti: It was indeed. For over 700 years.
Peter: When did Finland become part of Russia?
Matti: At the beginning of the nineteenth century. In 1809
Peter: That's interesting. I'm afraid they don't teach us very much about Finnish history in British schools.
Matti: No, I can understand that..
Peter: Finland had a very close relationship with the Soviet Union, didn't it?
Matti: Very good indeed. We had a treaty of Friendship and Cooperation. We did a lot of trade with them in those days.
Peter: What about today? Do you do much business with Russia?
Matti: Not really now that their economy is so bad. But hopefully in the future we'll start to do a lot of business with them again.
Peter: The situation is quite difficult there at the moment. Does Finland have a close relationship with other Scandinavian countries?
Matti: Yes, we do. There are many areas of cooperation. Sweden, Denmark and Finland are all members of the Common Market.
12.19 PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE Listen and repeat these key words and phrases
12.22 READING FOR PLEASURE - FINLAND FOR TOURISTS
Finland is a beautiful country. It has thousands of inland lakes, a magnificent archipelago, forests, wilderness and fells. Each season brings its own special charm, like the "russet time" in Lapland in autumn when the leaves turn red, yellow and brown - summer, with its long, bright nights, and the cold, white winter. These are the traditional reasons why tourists love to visit Finland. Above all, Finland is a clean and peaceful country where each tourist can find the right type of holiday to suit his or her style and pocket. | ![]() |
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If you fly into Finland on a
sunny day, and look through the windows of the aeroplane,
the first thing you notice will be the forests which
cover the country, and the lakes. The forests and trees
are an extremely
important part of every Finns life and not just
because the forest industry is one of the most important
industries. Wood is the raw material for
many houses. Detached
houses are usually built using a wooden frame and nearly
all summer cottages are made of wood, both inside and
out. Years ago, whole towns were made of wood, even the roof tiles were wood. Many of these old towns were destroyed by fire, but in places like Rauma and Porvoo you can still see areas of ancient wooden houses. Wood is also the raw material for much art and handicrafts. Many artists get inspiration from the colours and the forms of the forest. A popular pastime for Finns both young and old is picking the berries and mushrooms of the forest. Here you find blueberries, cowberries, raspberries and dozens of different edible mushrooms. Finnish cuisine is very close to nature. |
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If you arrive by boat from Sweden on one of the giant passenger and car ferries, you will pass through the beautiful Ahvenanmaa Archipelago. For many people, this is the most beautiful archipelago in the world. There are thousands of rocky islands. Some large, some small, some with summer cottages on them, some without. This is the playground for many Finnish holidaymakers. You can see them in their yachts, on their water skis, fishing or windsurfing, or simply lying on a beach or a rock enjoying the summer sun. Water is an important part of Finnish life. Finland has more than 300 000 summer cottages, and these are usually near a lake, river or sea. | |
As a tourist in Finland you will enjoy the nature, whether you are by the sea, by a lake or in the forest. Here you can experience a peace and beauty unique in Europe. |